The Parousia of Jesus Christ

By Rev. Charles Cooper

The Greek language is generally conceded to be the most effective vehicle ever developed for expressing thought. Its possibilities of subtle distinction in the expression of thought are vast, and the writers of the New Testament were remarkably adept at using the finer capacities of the language." (1) This among other reasons explains why God chose to record the New Testament in Koine (common) Greek. However, with the split of the church between the Greek speaking people of the East and the Latin speaking people of the West, the need for an authorized Latin translation of the Bible in the West became imperative. In A.D. 383, Pope Damasus commissioned a young scholar to translate the Greek manuscripts of the New Testament and the Greek translation of the Old Testament (Septuagint) into Latin. This monumental work would eventually acquire the name Vulgate which means current. (2) The importance of the Latin Vulgate is very significant.

(I)t was for hundreds of years the only Bible in universal use in Europe. . . (I)t has given to us much of our modern theological terminology as well as being the sponsor for many Gr[eek] words which have enriched our conceptions. (3)

Two very important examples of "modern theological terminology" that tie directly to the Latin Vulgate are the terms rapture and advent. The English term rapture comes from the Latin word rapere which means "to seize." The translator of the Latin Vulgate chose this term to translate the Greek verb harpazo (to catch away) in I Thessalonians 4:17. The term advent comes from the Latin word adventus which means "arrival." The Latin Vulgate uses this term to translate the Greek term parousia. Therefore, when we use rapture and advent to refer to the Lord Jesus' return, we are using loaned words from Latin.

The Problem Stated

Rapture and second advent are key phrases used to describe events associated with the next major phase in the earthly career of Jesus Christ. One of two problems with these phrases is the seemingly forgotten fact that none of them actually appear in the Greek New Testament. While these terms were adequate for a Latin translation 1500 years ago, they are not adequate for an English translation today. No modern English translation of the Bible utilizes these terms. The second problem with these phrases is the lack of biblical preciseness. This lack of biblical preciseness has contributed greatly to the confusion regarding the timing of Christ's coming and the events that will occur in conjunction with that coming. Well meaning men and women are mislead into thinking that the "rapture" of the church and the second "advent" of Christ are two different and unrelated events, the rapture occurring years before the advent of Christ at the battle of Armageddon. For example, they would say that the parousia found in I Thessalonians 4:15 is the rapture parousia and the parousia referred to in the Olivet Discourse (Matt. 24:3), the Armageddon parousia.

However, it is the thesis of this article that the parousia (coming) is a biblically precise (technical) term that in each and every usage concerning Christ's return, is referring to a general time span that is initiated by the rapture of the church, through to and including the final event of Christ's coming, the battle of Armageddon.

Technical Verses Non-Technical Usage

The first matter we must deal with concerns the question of whether or not parousia is a technical term that covers the future ministry of Christ. Specifically, we are talking about the timeframe that is initiated when He returns to receive the church to Himself, to the time He comes with His armies for the battle of Armageddon. A technical term is a designation given to a word or phrase in light of the fact that a certain meaning is conveyed each and every time it is used. An example of a technical term in Paul's writings is Kalein (to call). It is a technical term "that carries the content 'God designates as (or causes to be) a Christian.' It is God's action of bestowing upon a person eternal salvation." (4) Therefore, Paul argues that salvation by grace through faith is a gift of God. Each time Paul uses this term he means the exact same thing. Can a case be made for parousia as a technical term in the New Testament? That is, can a single precise meaning be designated for parousia each and every time it occurs in the New Testament?

Proponents of A Non-Technical Usage

There is very little debate concerning the fact that parousia was a technical term outside the New Testament. Extant manuscripts evidence solid usage of parousia. Adolf G. Deissmann states, "From the Ptolemaic period down into the 2nd cent[ury] A.D. we are able to trace the word in the East as a technical expression for the arrival or the visit of the king or the emperor." (5) Few would debate Deissmann on this point. However, with regards to New Testament usage, Dr. John F. Walvoord writes, "As used in the New Testament, it [parousia] is obviously not a technical word. . . " (6) He further writes, contrary to how the term is used outside the N.T., "It is clear, at least, that no technical meaning for the term is established which would limit its use to either one or the other, i.e., the rapture or the second coming." (7) "It is the viewpoint of the writer [Walvoord] that [parousia is] used in a general and not a technical sense and that [it is] descriptive of both the rapture and the glorious return of Christ to earth." (8) Walvoord's comments reflect a change in the thinking of Pretribulationalists during the early 1940s. Dr. Richard R. Reiter writes,

Prior to the mid 1940s, pretribulationists generally viewed the Greek words parousia ("coming"), epiphaneia ("appearing"), and apokalupsis ("revelation") as technical terms specifying distinct phases of the return. They interpreted parousia as Christ's appearance in the sky including the Rapture of the church to meet Him in the air (I Thess. 4:16-17). By contrast epiphaneia and apokalupsis referred to the return of Christ to earth with His saints following the Great Tribulation (2 Thess. 2:8; 1 Peter 1:7), [Emphasis added]. (9)

That pretribulationalists have had a change in perspective on this matter is also supported by the comment of Keith L. Brooks,

We are fully aware of the discussion that has been going on over the Greek words 'parousia' (personal presence) and 'apokalupsis' (unveiling or revelation). Perhaps some excellent teachers have been mistaken in saying that the 'parousia' always indicates the moment when He comes for His saints and that 'apokalupsis' is used only for the moment when He comes in power and authority [Emphasis added]. (10)

Unfortunately, the pretribulationalists' change in perspective after the 1940s is wrong. Basically, the pretribulationist's solution to the matter is to adopt a two parousia eschatology. In the absence of a clearly explicit statement that there are two future parousias, the reader is left debating which passages refer to the first parousia and which passages refer to the second parousia. The prewrath position believes that there is only one future parousia of Christ and, using the word in the technical sense, it refers to Christ's coming in general, including both the snatching away of believers and the battle of Armageddon, thus removing the debate about which passages refer to which parousia.

Proponents of A Technical Usage

With regard to the use of parousia in the New Testament, BAGD, a very respected Greek lexicon in use today, states that parousia is used "in a special technical sense. . . of Christ.11 James E. Frame in the International Critical Commentary Series states,

Parousia is used untechnically in I Cor. 16:17, II Cor. 7:6-7, 10:10, Phil. 1:26 and 2:12. . . Whether the technical use ([I Thess.] 2:19, 3:13, 4:14, 5:23; II Thess. 2:1, 8 and I Cor. 15:23. . . ) is a creation of the early church. . . or is taken over from an earlier period. . . is uncertain. (12)

Frame recognizes a difference between the technical and untechnical usage of parousia. Frame is supported by Leon Morris when he states, "In the New Testament it [parousia] became a technical expression for the royal visit, the second coming of our Lord." (13) Tracy L. Howard also supports a technical sense for parousia when he says, "In the New Testament the word takes on a technical sense for the future advent of Christ." (14)

In commenting on parousia, D. Michael Martin writes, "Paul used the word to refer both to his own visits to his churches. . . and in the more technical sense of a divine or regal visitation (as when referring to the coming of the Lord. . . ). (15) Robert D. Culver when explaining Paul's use of parousia in I Corinthians 15:20-24 states, "Deismann (sic). . . has shown that parousia (presence, coming) was the technical term for the arrival of a potentate or his representatives. That it usuallyÑthis text includedÑsignifies in the New Testament the coming of Christ to set up the Messianic kingdom accords with this definition, and is the opinion of many modern commentators." (16) Both Mueller and Eerdman writing in The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia support the conclusion that parousia is a technical term in the New Testament. (17)

To this point, we are able to conclude that scholars are divided concerning whether parousia is a technical term or not. The final determination must be made in light of its usage.

New Testament Usage

The term parousia is variously translated. Dr. W. Harold Mare writes, "A brief look at Parousia in Liddell-Scott's A Greek-English Lexicon shows that this word was used from the Homeric period down through that of the NT, with meanings ranging from the presence of persons to their arrival or advent. (18) Dr. John F. Walvoord argues that parousia "has come to mean not simply presence but the act by which the presence is brought about, i.e., by the coming of the individual." (19) Hogg and Vine take the opposite view.

The usual translation is misleading, because 'coming' is more appropriate to other words. . . the difference being that whereas these words fix the attention on the journey to, and the arrival at, a place, parousia fixes it on the stay which follows on the arrival there. It would be preferable, therefore, to transliterate the word rather than translate it, that is to use 'parousia,' rather than 'coming,' wherever the reference is to the Lord Jesus. (20)

The debate concerning whether parousia emphasizes different arrivals of Christ for different purposes, or a singular arrival and the presence of Christ that is initiated by the rapture of the church and ending with the battle of Armageddon, forces a choice between one or the other for every passage where parousia occurs.

This, however, is an over simplification. As a technical term, parousia would represent a multifaceted event each time beginning with the rapture of the church. Each passage must be evaluated in light of this context. Hogg and Vine's suggestion that parousia be transliterated instead of translated is a good one. This allows the reader to evaluate each passage in light of the context for him or herself. Hogg and Vine offer one other suggestion which is worthy of our attention. They indicate that "The Parousia of the Lord Jesus is thus a period with a beginning, a course, and a conclusion." (italic added) (21) I am in agreement with this point, however, I do not agree with their division of this period concerning what events will happen and when they will occur. (22)

The term parousia is used twenty-four times in the New Testament. (23) Of these twenty-four occurrences, seventeen refer to the coming of Jesus in the future (24) (1 Thess. 2:19, 3:13, 4:15, 5:23; 2 Thess. 2:1, 8; 1 Cor. 15:23; Jas 5.7, 8; 2 Pet. 1:16, 3:4, 12; 1 Jn 2:28; Mat. 24:3, 27, 37 and 39). Dr. John F. Walvoord indicates that all the verses above refer to the rapture with the exception of Matthew 24:3, 27, 37, 39; 1 Thess. 3:13; 2 Thess. 2:8 and 2 Pet. 1:16 which refer to the second coming of Christ at the battle of Armageddon. (25) However, if parousia in the seventeen future oriented verses can be shown to refer to the same event, then sufficient grounds would be established to warrant designating parousia as a technical term whenever it is used in connection with the future return of Jesus Christ.

James' Usage

Taking the seventeen occurrences of parousia in the N.T. which refer to the future ministry of Jesus Christ in chronological order, we begin with the reference in the book of James. (26) James 5:7-8 states,

Be patient, therefore, brethren, until the coming [parousia] of the Lord. Behold, the farmer waits for the precious produce of the soil, being patient about it, until it gets the early and late rains. You too be patient; strengthen your hearts, for the coming [parousia] of the Lord is at hand.

The book of James is specifically addressed "to the twelve tribes which are scattered abroad. . . " These Jewish Christians (the righteous remnant of Israel) are urged to exercise patience until the parousia of Christ. In light of the nearness of Christ's parousia, James comforts the suffering Jewish Christians with the knowledge that Jesus, "the Judge is standing at the door," (James 5:9). Surely James is emphasizing the beginning of Christ's parousia. The suffering that James' audience was experiencing was to be alleviated at Christ's parousia. James uses the Greek preposition heos which is translated "until" which in this context basically refers to the period up to the parousia. The very beginning of Christ's parousia spells relief for God's people because when Christ comes, the parousia referred to in this passage, will be initiated by the rapture of the church.

Pauline Usage

Paul picks up James' teaching concerning Christ's coming to bring relief to His people in the Thessalonian Letters. He writes to the Thessalonians, "For they themselves declare. . . how you turned to God from idols to serve the living and true God and to wait for His Son from heaven. . . " Paul uses a term here that means "to await." Interestingly, the end of each chapter in this letter ends with a reference to the Lord's return. In I Thessalonians 2:19, 3:13, 4:15, and 5:23 the term parousia is used. The first example of the term parousia in the writings of Paul is in I Thessalonians 2:19 which states, "For who is our hope or joy or crown of exultation? Is it not even you, in the presence of our Lord Jesus at His coming [parousia]?" The Thessalonian church was composed of mostly Gentiles with some Jews. (27) Paul informs the Thessalonians that they are his hope and joy in the presence of Christ at His parousia. Along with this, Paul adds a prayer that Jesus will cause love to grow among the Thessalonians, "so that He may establish your hearts unblamable in holiness before our God and Father at the coming [parousia] of our Lord Jesus with all His saints," (I Thess. 3:13). This is the second example of parousia in Paul's writings. Like I Thess. 2:19, here Paul is emphasizing the beginning of Christ's parousia. BADG indicates that the preposition en, translated "in" denotes "the point of time when something occurs." (28) This is Paul's favorite preposition to introduce the Lord's parousia.

The third example of the term parousia in Paul's writings occurs in I Thess. 4:15. Paul instructs the Thessalonians that those who survive until the time of Christ's parousia will be taken to be with the Lord when He comes from heaven. This is an event certainly connected with the beginning of Christ's parousia when the believer is removed and the wrath of God is poured out on those who remain.

The fourth example occurs in connection with I Thess. 5:23. Paul prays that the Lord will preserve the Thessalonians blameless until the parousia of Christ. Again, Paul emphasizes an action connected with the beginning of Christ's parousia. No indication is given that the Thessalonians need perseverance through Christ's parousia, but only up until or at the start of it, when the believer will be removed and the wrath of God will be poured out on those who remain.

The fifth example of parousia in the Thessalonians Letters occurs in II Thess. 2:1 and it reads, "Now brethren, concerning the coming (parousia) of our Lord Jesus Christ and our gathering together to Him, we ask you. . . " What Paul alludes to in I Thess. 4:15-17 in detail, he summarizes here. Paul places himself in the same category as the Thessalonians. They will be gathered together at the parousia of Christ. Consistent with Paul's references in I Thessalonians, the emphasis is on the beginning of the event.

The sixth and final occurrence of parousia in the Thessalonian Letters is in II Thess. 2:8. Paul acknowledges that Jesus will slay the lawless one "with the breath of His mouth" and will destroy him "with the brightness of His coming," (parousia). Pretribulationalists debate this verse because of its obvious connection with the lawless one. They assign this verse to a second parousia which happens at Armageddon when Christ comes with His saints. However, there is no explicit biblical statement that the church accompanies Christ at Armageddon. There is no textually explicit indication that there are two parousias presented in the N.T. There is a simple and more logical explanation of the data presented in the N.T., namely the prewrath position.

One other fact argues against the pretribulational interpretation of II Thess. 2:8. After Antichrist recovers from his wound, he is not physically killed again. Revelation 19:20 indicates that at Armageddon he will be "cast alive into the lake of fire burning with brimstone." A closer examination of II Thess. 2:8 reveals that the verb "slay" does not have its usual literal meaning. Rather, "(t)he verb is frequently used to designate murder; the end of the lawless one will be as decisive as that of a man who is murdered." (29) The verb "bring to an end" better explains Paul's intent. Leon Morris captures the essence of the verse when he writes, "In the present passage the verb refers to the robbing of the Man of Lawlessness of all significance, rather than to his destruction. . . " (30) A literal translation of Paul's intended meaning in II Thess. 2:8 would be, "And then that lawless one will be revealed whom the Lord will overthrow with the breath of His mouth and render insignificant by the appearance of His coming. . . " Therefore, Paul is not indicating that Antichrist will be physically killed at the Lord's second parousia as pretribbers teach. But rather, the Lord will diminish the significance of Antichrist. First, the Lord will cut short the persecution of Antichrist by taking away the object of his persecution as the Lord predicted in Matthew 24:22. The church will be snatched away to heaven. Second, the Day of the Lord's wrath begins "and the Lord alone will be exalted in that day," (Is. 2:17).

The final place in the writings of Paul where the term parousia occurs is I Corinthian 15:23 which states, "But each one in his own order: Christ the firstfruits, afterward those who are Christ's at His coming (parousia)." Paul informs the Corinthians who were predominately Gentile that the next phase of the first resurrection will occur at Christ's parousia. Few would argue that Paul emphasizes an action that is connected with the beginning of Christ's parousia here. It is important to recognize that Paul places the emphasis in all six verses where he uses the word parousia on the beginning of Christ's one and only parousia.

Petrine Usage

The Apostle Peter also makes a contribution to our discussion. He says, "For we did not follow cunningly devised fables when we made known to you the power and coming (parousia) of our Lord Jesus Christ, but were eyewitnesses of His majesty." Some have concluded that Peter is here discussing the first coming of Christ. However, Lenski argues, "The double terms have but one article: "the power of our Lord Jesus Christ and Parousia," so that "power and Parousia" constitute one idea, "power" bringing out the thought of the omnipotent might involved in the Lord's second coming. . . " (31) It would appear that Peter is speaking to the end result of the Day of the Lord, rather than emphasizing the beginning or the course of the Lord's parousia. Peter describes the ultimate result unlike the Revelation of Jesus Christ to His bond-servants which indicate that the destruction of the earth will progressively worsen until Armageddon. Peter's second reference to Christ's parousia occurs in II Peter 3:3-4. Peter informs the readers that "scoffers will come in the last days. . . saying, 'Where is the promise of His coming (parousia)?'" Few would argue that this is not a reference to the beginning of the Lord's future ministry on earth. Given that once the church is removed from the earth, "all things" certainly will not "continue as they were from the beginning of creation." Peter's final reference occurs in II Peter 3:12. In this verse, it is "the day of God" that is coming (parousia). The fact that Peter refers to the Day of the Lord in 3:10 with the same results as the day of God in 3:12 , supports the conclusion that they are one and the same. Here we find a reference to events that will transpire during the course of our Lord's parousia. The divine wrath that will destroy the created order follows the removal of the church at the beginning of Christ's parousia.

Johannine Usage

The Apostle John has only one example of parousia. "And now, little children, abide in Him, that if He appears, we may have confidence and not be ashamed before Him at His coming (parousia)," I John 2:28. John's use of that little word if introduces a third class condition which indicates that something may or may not happen. What is conditional here is not the event itself (Christ will return), but the uncertainty of the timing of Christ's return. The fact that John adds an element of uncertainty requires that we understand this passage as a reference to Christ's future ministry of removing the church before the wrath of God begins. There is uncertainty about the timing of the beginning of the Lord's parousia, but there is no uncertainty about the period following the conclusion of Daniel's Seventieth Week. Consistent with Paul and Peter, John's focus is on the beginning of the parousia.

Matthew's Usage

The final four examples of parousia in the N.T. with reference to the future ministry of Christ occur in Matthew 24:3, 27, 37, and 39. These are the most controversial passages concerning the use of parousia! Pretribbers want to make these passages a reference to the battle of Armageddon only, rather than a reference to the overall event of Christ's coming, beginning with the rapture of the church. Matthew's employment of parousia is most instructive. The disciples' question and the Lord's answer provide a detailed explanation of end-time events that form the basis of the teachings of Paul, Peter, James, and John. Matthew, who wrote his gospel after Paul, Peter, James, and John wrote their epistles, would certainly have offered some corrective insight if his use of the term parousia was different than that of Paul, Peter, James, and John. Matthew on several occasions explains to his readers information that clarifies something he wrote. He explained Hebrew and Aramaic words so that his readers would better understand his points. He quotes O.T. passages to explain N.T. events. One should conclude that Matthew means the exact same thing as Paul, Peter, James and John by his use of the term parousia. Matthew specifically uses this term to tie together the teachings of Christ and His Apostles. Matthew emphasizes the beginning of Christ's parousia in all four occurrences.

Conclusion

What shall we say then? Is the parousia of Christ that future ministry of Jesus Christ which is initiated by the snatching away of the saints, followed by the punishment of the wicked? The answer is an emphatic yes! The parousia in Matthew is the same that is in Paul, Peter, James and John. Other than God's revelation to Jesus recorded by John, Matthew gives the most detailed outline of end-time events. Paul, Peter, James, and John fill in a few blanks and restate a few of the details given by Matthew. The chart below summarizes the N.T. teachings concerning the parousia of Christ. Notice the parallelism between the Olivet Discourse and the teachings of the Apostles.

Pretribulationalists like Dr. Walvoord argue for a non-technical designation of parousia. This allows them to teach two parousias separated by seven years. Posttribulationists support a technical designation for parousia. This allows them to teach that the parousia of Christ will involve the deliverance of believers and the punishment of the wicked. They teach that believers are caught up to meet Jesus in the air and then will immediately come back to earth for Armageddon. The prewrath position recognizes the fact that the truth is a synthesis of these two positions. Parousia is not a technical term in general throughout the NT It is, however, used in a technical sense in the seventeen NT references to Christ's future return. "The grandeur of the Lord, the honor due him at his arrival, and the significance of his coming for both his enemies and his friends are all implicit in the technical use of the term parousia." (32) The technical sense covers the timeframe from the coming of Christ to snatch away the church until the ultimate destruction of the wicked at Armageddon. The time between these events is neither immediate, i.e. no time, as posttribbers teach nor divided by seven years as pretribbers insist. At best, all that can be said about the time interval between the beginning and the end of the Lord's parousia, is that it will be a single event no less than six months (the fifth trumpet judgment will last five months [Rev. 9:5] and Armageddon occurs at the end of the 30 day reclamation period [Dan. 12:11]), and no more than two to three years (the time necessary to accomplish all the trumpet and bowl judgments of God's wrath once the great tribulation is cut short by Christ's parousia in the second half of Daniel's 70th Week).

The parousia of Christ will cut short the persecution of Satan/Antichrist, (Matt. 24:22, Mark 13:20). When God decides it is time to end the persecution of Satan/Antichrist against His elect, God will turn out all natural light sources, (Joel 3:15, Rev. 6:12-13, Matt. 24:29); then the sign of the Son of Man will appear in the sky, (Matt. 24:30); then Jesus will be seen coming on the clouds with angelic accompaniment and the sounding of the trumpet of God, (Matt. 24:31, I Thess. 4:16); then the dead in Christ will be called from the grave, (I Thess. 4:16, I Cor. 15:52); then God will send forth the angels to gather the living elect into the air, (I Thess. 4:17); then Christ and the elect (both Israel and Gentiles) will return to heaven, (John 14:1-3); then the six trumpet judgments will fall upon the earth to finish out the 70th Week of Daniel. The first day after the end of the 70th Week of Daniel the death of the two witnesses will occur, (Rev.11:7-10). Christ will immediately come to earth and gather together all Israel for her salvation, (Rev. 10:7, 14:1; Rom. 11:25-27; Zech. 14:4); then Christ will split the Mount of Olives and send Israel to Azel for the duration of the bowl judgments, (Zech. 14:5); then Christ shall return to heaven while the bowl judgments fall upon the kingdom of Satan, (Rev. 14:14-16:21); then the final event called Armageddon will occur, (Rev. 19:11-21). The parousia of our great God and King will end with the beginning of the 1000 year reign of Christ on earth.

Endnotes

1. H.I. Hester, The Heart of the New Testament, (Liberty: The Quality Press, Inc., 1979), 42.

2. S. Angus, Vulgate, The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia, V. 5, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1939) 3059.

3. ibid.

4. William W. Klein, "Paul's Use of Kalein: A Proposal," JTS 27 (March 1984): 63.

5. Adolf G. Deissmann, Light From Ancient East, trans. Lionel R.M. Strachan (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1910), 372.

6. Walvoord, "New Testament Words for the Lord's Coming," p. 285.

7. ibid., 289.

8. ibid., 284. Italic and emphasis added.

9. Richard R. Reiter, et al, The Rapture: Pre-, Mid-, or Post-Tribulational? (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1984), p. 30.

10. ibid., 238. This comment is taken from endnote number 78.

11. Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Trans. and rev. by W.F. Arndt, F.W. Gingrich, and F.W. Danker, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 635.

12. James E. Frame, Epistle of St. Paul to The Thessalonians, (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1960), 123.

13. Leon Morris, The First and Second Epistles to the Thessalonians, in NICNT (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Co, 1984), 96-97.

14. Tracy L. Howard, "The Literary Unity of 1 Thessalonians 4:13-5:11," GTJ 9 (Fall, 1988): 177.

15. D. Michael Martin, I and II Thessalonians in The New American Commentary, (Nashville: Broadman and Holman Publishers, 1992), 99.

16. Robert D. Culver, "A Neglected Millennial Passage from Saint Paul," Bsac 113 (April, 1956): 148.

17. John T. Mueller and Charles R. Erdman, s.v. parousia, ISBE, Vol. IV (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1939), 2249-2251.

18. W. Harold Mare, "A Study of the New Testament Concept of the Parousia," in Current Issues in Biblical and Patristic Interpretation: Studies in Honor of Merrill C. Tenney, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975), 336.

19. Walvoord, "New Testament Words for the Lord's Coming," 285.

20. C.F. Hogg and W.E. Vine, The Epistles to the Thessalonians, (Fincastle: Scripture Truth Book Co., 1959), 87

21. ibid., 88.

22. ibid. Hogg and Vine indicate that the beginning is prominent in (I Thess.) 4:15, 5:23; II Thess. 2:1; I Cor. 15:23, Jas. 5:7,8; 2 Pet. 3:4; the course here (I Thess. 2:19) 3:13; Matt. 24:3,37,39; and I John 2:28; the conclusion in II Thess. 2:8 and Matt. 24:27.

23. I. Howard Marshall, "The Parousia in the New TestamentÑAnd Today," in Worship, Theology and Ministry, M. Wilkins, et al, eds. page 194.

24. Please see footnote 1 in I. Howard Marshall, "The Parousia in the New TestamentÑAnd Today," 194.

25. Walvoord, "New Testament Words for the Lord's Coming," 285.

26. Scholars debate the priority of James to I Thessalonians.

27. Frame, The Epistles of St. Paul to the Thessalonians, 4.

28. BADG, s.v. en, page 259.

29. D. Edmond Hiebert, The Thessalonian Epistles, (Chicago: Moody Press, 1971), 315.

30. Morris, The First and Second Epistles to the Thessalonians, footnote 34.

31. R.C.H. Lenski, The Epistles of St. Peter, St. John and St. Jude, (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1945), 285. See also Mare, "A Study of the New Testament Concept of the Parousia," 339.

32. D. Michael Martin, I and II Thessalonians, 99-100.

Reprinted from Parousia #9, Fall 1998.